![]() ![]() This principle (though not known to the wider public before the revolution), was appended to the new Iranian constitution after being put to a referendum. ![]() In his writings and preachings he expanded the theory of welayat-el faqih, the "Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist (clerical authority)", to include theocratic political rule by Islamic jurists. He spent more than 15 years in exile for his opposition to the last shah. Khomeini was a marja ("source of emulation") in Twelver Shia Islam, a Mujtahid or faqih (an expert in Sharia) and author of more than 40 books, but he is primarily known for his political activities. He began studying the Quran and Arabic from a young age and was assisted in his religious studies by his relatives, including his mother's cousin and older brother. His father was murdered in 1903 when Khomeini was two years old. Khomeini was born in Khomeyn, in what is now Iran's Markazi Province. He was succeeded by Ali Khamenei on 4 June 1989. Most of his period in power was taken up by the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death. He was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which saw the overthrow of the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and the end of the Persian monarchy. Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( UK: / x ɒ ˈ m eɪ n i/ khom- AY-nee, US: / x oʊ ˈ-/ khohm- Persian: سید روحالله موسوی خمینی ( listen) – 3 June 1989), also known as Ayatollah Khomeini, was an Iranian political and religious leader. Forty Hadith, Kashf al-Asrar, Tahrir al-Wasilah, Islamic GovernmentĮminent marji' al-taqlid, Ayatullah al-Uzma Imam Khumayni ![]()
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